When the devastating cyclone made landfall on Jamaica on the 28th of October with winds of 185mph, it left behind a picture of catastrophic damage. Residences, hospitals, and key utilities were severely compromised, causing 32 deaths and impacting an estimated 1.5 million people. For therapist Toni-Jan Ifill, it was obvious from the start that the material damage would be paired with profound and enduring psychological scars.
“Commonplace occurrences can activate them,” Ifill notes. “A patient mentioned a cart we often move through the halls, whose sound reminded her of cracking branches and the howling wind. She now refuses to listening to that particular noise.”
A month and a half after the storm, which also impacted eastern Cuba, recollections of the horrific event continue to affect a number of staff at the University Hospital of the West Indies in Kingston. The mere sound of a downpour can now prompt panic among those who lived through it.
The Hidden Toll Amidst Billions in Damage
The catastrophic event resulted in a substantial aid package valued at $6.7 billion over several years and an further payout of $150 million from a pioneering risk financing tool. Yet, authorities note this financial relief cannot cover the unseen cost: extensive emotional suffering—notably among those previously affected from another major storm in 2024.
Whereas the primary focus targets physical reconstruction, studies over the past three years show that the likelihood of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) grows markedly after climate disasters and forced relocation. Mental health professionals are now urging the inclusion of psychological care into disaster response plans across small island developing states.
Layered Struggles: Insecurity and Psychological Well-being
Researchers emphasize how extended displacement, vanishing incomes, and inadequate services exacerbate psychological vulnerabilities. A recent regional study identified a heightened danger of anxiety, depression, and PTSD after climate-related events. Another study found similar anxiety, fear, and emotional distress among people affected by other hurricanes.
Dr. Eamin Heanoy, a expert who has studied disaster survivors in multiple countries, notes that survivors typically experience a trio of emotional obstacles: severe stress and mood disorders.
Dr. Rose-Ann Smith, a scholar in geography and disaster risk management, agrees. She observes that while individuals can be strong, as the planet continues to warm, emotional fallout is becoming an increasingly significant issue—although detailed prevalence surveys is often insufficient.
These experts found that women showed more severe emotional impact than men. “So it’s quite possible women are more psychologically vulnerable than males in such catastrophes,” Smith comments.
The Uncertain Path to Recovery
Dr. Heanoy notes that while some short-term recovery in well-being may occur within a year, the lasting effects can be unpredictable. The degree to which survivors heal is largely determined by the nature of the trauma and the care they receive.
The experts note that the loss of homes and possessions can intensify the psychological burden to rebuild. Smith labels housing loss “a major source of stress,” particularly when financial safety nets are absent. “Reconstruction comes with its own emotional tax,” she adds.
Ifill witnesses the parallel situation among her those seeking help: “People who had mental health conditions before have noticed it’s much more severe in this short period of time.”
In addition to the psychological damage, tangible issues continue. The hurricane severely damaged key water infrastructure, delaying the full return of water services. Financial aid, while necessary, are insufficient to fix the systemic weaknesses laid bare by the storm.
Community Support as a Essential Lifeline
Critically is that rebuilding alone does not address the emotional wounds caused by life-altering injuries. Studies shows that survivors often find community support to be more immediate than official aid.
“The government’s role is important,” Smith says. “When it is lacking, or when it is delayed, neighbors support one another.”
Ifill similarly praises the value of mutual support in overcoming challenges. She notes she was “struck by the resilient spirit” among tight-knit groups. “Your house is gone, right? But if a community has a supportive culture, they share laughter about the storm.”
She further praises steps to encourage mental health awareness after the disaster but warns about the negative effects of doomscrolling. “I recommended reducing screen time, following official updates, and leveraging technology to connect with family.”
An Expanding Regional Priority
Over the past decade, mental health has received more focus from international agencies due to the intensifying climate crisis. The growing regularity of extreme weather has catalyzed the development of frameworks for trauma support.
Major health organizations have released comprehensive manuals to assist responders in delivering psychological care in the aftermath of catastrophes. These projects aim to foster individual and social resilience by educating caregivers, reducing shame, and promoting the seeking of professional help.
Financial aid are also highlighted as key for safeguarding emotional well-being. A farmer from another Caribbean nation, who lost everything in a similar event, stresses the hopelessness that arises when promised compensation never arrives. “Assessments were made... But even now, we were not granted compensation,” he states.
A Plea for Comprehensive Recovery
Experts note that the Caribbean region contributes a tiny fraction of worldwide greenhouse gases yet bears disastrous climate impacts. A swift, well-funded recovery is deemed essential to avoid enduring trauma.
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